Effect of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (mast cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes) on neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast carcinomas.

INTRODUCTION: Despite screening, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response is one of the most important parameters taken into consideration in surgery, optimal adjuvant chemotherapy planning and prognosis prediction. Research on predictive markers for the response to NAC is still ongoing. In our study, we investigated the relationship between tumor-infiltrating neutrophils/mast cells/lymphocytes and NAC response in breast carcinomas. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Study included 117 patients who were diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma using core needle biopsy. In these biopsies tumor-infiltrating neutrophils/mast cells/lymphocytes were evaluated and Miller Payne Score was used for NAC response. RESULT: 53 patients exhibited high TILs, 36 had high TINs, and 46 showed high TIMs. While pathological complete response was 27 % in all patients, it was 38 % in high TINs patients, 35 % in high TILs patients, and 28 % in high TIMs patients. High TIMs were observed to be statistically associated with survival. TILs, TINs, nuclear grade, ER, PR and HER2 expression, Ki-67 proliferation index were found to be associated with the Miller - Payne score. In multivariate analysis, TINs, nuclear grade, pathological stage, and molecular subtype were found to be independent risk factors for treatment response. CONCLUSION: TINs have better prognostic value to predict neoadjuvant treatment than TILs. High TIMs are associated with increased overall survival. The inclusion of TINs in NAC response and TIMs in overall survival in pathology reports and treatment planning is promising in breast carcinomas as they are simple to use and reproducible markers.

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Level Can Predict Early Organ Damage in Primary Hypertensive Patients: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and treatment of complicated arterial hypertension will prevent its effect on the target organs. In line with this purpose, we aimed to reveal the prediction capability of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to complicated hypertension. METHODS: In total, 46 patients with hypertension and 21 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Left ventricle morphology and geometry, as systolic and diastolic functions, were analyzed. Global longitudinal strain was measured from recorded apical 3-chamber views. An ophthalmic examination was performed to investigate the presence of retinopathy in individuals with hypertension. In addition, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin values were evaluated via the method of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Both neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels and global longitudinal strain percentages were statistically significant between the groups with diastolic dysfunction and the groups without diastolic dysfunction. Complicated hypertension was detected in 42 patients. Here, it was found that the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level of 144.3 ng/mL predicted complicated hypertension with 0.872 sensitivity and 0.65 specificity values. CONCLUSION: Analyzing neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in patients with hypertension in routine practice can easily and practically detect complicated hypertension patients earlier.

The prognostic significance of non-lymphoid immune cells of the tumor microenvironment, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in breast carcinomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prognostic importance of lymphoid cells in the tumor microenvironment and their effect on treatment response have been demonstrated in many cancer types. However, there are limited studies on non-lymphoid immune cells. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding the effects of these cells on prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 331 patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer were included. Patients that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those with distant metastasis were excluded. CD 15 immunohistochemistry was performed to detect tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) and eosinophils (TIEs), while Toluidine Blue histochemistry was performed to detect tumor-infiltrating mast cells (TIMs). RESULTS: High TINs were statistically associated with low ER expression (p < 0.001), low PR expression (p = 0.001), high Ki-67 proliferation index (p = 0.008), and HER2/TN molecular subtypes (p = 0.001). High TIEs were associated with low ER expression (p = 0.001), high Ki67 proliferation index (p = 0.005), and HER2/TN molecular subtype (p = 0.002). High TIMs were associated with high PR expression (p = 0.024), low Ki-67 proliferation index (p = 0.003), and high survival rate (p = 0.006). TIMs and TIEs were good prognostic factors for overall survival in Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes, while TINs and TIEs were found to be independent risk factors for disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of components of the tumor microenvironment including TINs, TIEs, and TIMs is easy and practical. High TIMs and TIEs are independent prognostic factors, especially in luminal molecular subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. However, to use this parameter in routine pathology practice, more studies from different centers and standard evaluation are needed.

A new practical method of estimating tumoral microenvironment parameters of possible prognostic significance in patients with invasive breast carcinoma: Combined microenvironment score.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In recent years, the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly recognized as an influential factor in breast cancer development and growth. The parameters that form the microenvironment are the tumor stroma ratio and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In addition, tumor budding, which shows the ability of the tumor to metastasize, gives information about the progression of the tumor. In this study, the combined microenvironment score (CMS) was determined with these parameters, and the relationship between CMS and prognostic parameters and survival was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study, tumor stroma ratio, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and tumor budding were evaluated in hematoxylin-eosin sections of 419 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. Patients were scored separately for each of these parameters, and these scores were summed to determine the CMS. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to CMS and the relationship between CMS and prognostic parameters and the survival of the patients was studied. RESULTS: The patients with CMS 3 had higher histological grade and Ki67 proliferation index compared to CMS 1 and 2. Additionally, lymphovascular invasion, axillary lymph node and distant metastasis were more common. Disease-free, and overall survival were significantly shortened in the CMS 3 group. CMS was found as an independent risk factor for DFS (HR: 2.144 (95 % CI: 1.219-3.77) p: 0.008), but not an independent risk factor for OS. CONCLUSION: CMS is a prognostic parameter that can be easily evaluated and does not require extra time and cost. Evaluating the morphological parameters of the microenvironment with a single scoring system will contribute to routine pathology practice and predict patient prognosis.

Predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy with glucose transporter-1 in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Glucose transporter-1 is a marker involved in energy transport in cancer cells. It has been shown to be a poor prognostic factor in many cancer types, including breast cancer. However, there is no satisfactory parameter predicting treatment in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. This study investigated the effect of glucose transporter-1 in predicting the treatment response of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS: In this study, glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry was applied to tru-cut biopsy of patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and received neoadjuvant therapy between 2010 and 2021. A built-in scoring system was used to evaluate both the pattern and intensity of glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry staining. The relationship between glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry staining and other clinicopathological parameters was examined. In addition, the relationship of glucose transporter-1 with response to treatment was investigated. RESULTS: A relationship was found between high glucose transporter-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters (such as estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity, high Ki-67, triple-negative, and Her2 status). Cases with high glucose transporter-1 expression had either a complete or a partial pathologic response. The result was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Glucose transporter-1 has the potential to be a biomarker that can be evaluated more objectively as an alternative to Ki-67 labeling index in evaluating the response to treatment in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy.

Does Apoptotic Index Predict the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Carcinoma?

Objective: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) plays a major role in the treatment of patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma. Although most patients have benefited from NACT, the rate of residual tumors is still high after treatment (AT). An increase in apoptosis is expected in tru-cut biopsy (TCB) during treatment or AT as the mechanism of NACT is inducing apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate whether evaluating the apoptotic index (AI) from TCB can predict the response before treatment (TC-BT) and whether there is a correlation between AI and clinicopathologic parameters. Methods: Seventy cases of breast carcinomas were included. The AI was evaluated BT and AT by quantifying the apoptosis. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed with overall survival (OS) data, and low and high AI cut-offs were obtained. The relationship between AI and response and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. Results: A significant relationship was found between low AI in TC-BT and at least partial response (p=0.025), longer OS (p=0.01) and disease-free survival (p=0.01), and progesterone receptor-positive tumors (p=0.03). Her2-negative tumors were more prone to low AI. A significant decline in AI (p=0.001) and Ki67 proliferation index (p<0.001) was observed in resections AT. Conclusions: These data suggested that the AI is a simple and cost-effective tool that may play an important role in determining response, and a low AI in TC-BT may have some value as a predictive marker in breast carcinomas.

Tumor Budding is an Independent Prognostic Factor to Predict Overall Survival in Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.

Objective. Tumor budding defined as a tumor cell nest away from the main tumor, has been found to be associated with prognostic parameters in many cancer types. We aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor budding and clinicopathological parameters in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, as well as its prognostic importance. Materials and Methods. One hundred four patients who underwent surgical resection with diagnosis of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas between June 2011 and May 2020 were included. The area where tumor budding was the most prominent was determined, and tumor budding was counted from hematoxylin and eosin-stained section at one high power field (X 200). By performing ROC analysis, the cut off value was obtained in order to divide the patients into low and high tumor budding groups. Results. The cut off value was determined as 1/0.95 mm2 according to the ROC analysis. Tumor budding was observed in 24 (23%) patients. Tumor budding significantly associated with poor overall survival (P < .001), distant metastasis (P = .001), presence of angiolymphatic invasion (P < .001), lymph node metastasis (P = .024), cervical invasion (P < .001), high FIGO grade (P < .001), large tumor size (P = .004). In multivarate analysis, tumor budding and age were found to be an independent risk factor for overall survival (P = .003, P = .014 respectively). Conclusion. Tumor budding is a significant morphological parameter independent of other prognostic parameters in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Standardizing the assesment and scoring of tumor budding, as well as including this entity in routine pathology reports could light the way for ideas in the risk analysis of patients.

High Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Are Associated with Overall Survival and Good Prognostic Parameters in Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The mortality incidence of endometrial carcinomas (ECs) has increased in recent years. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the cellular and microenvironmental properties of ECs. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), a component of the microenvironment, have been found to be associated with the prognosis in many tumors. Although TILs were mostly evaluated by immunohistochemical studies in ECs, in our study, the evaluation was done with a light microscope as a practical approach, and we aimed to determine the prognostic importance of TILs in endometrioid ECs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 104 patients were included in the study. TILs in the stromal area (sTILs) were evaluated on hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained-sections at X200 objective. The presence of TILs was evaluated as follows; 0-10% as low, 20-40% as moderate, and 50-90% as intense. Then TILs were grouped as low and high. RESULTS: Tumors with high TILs were more prone to have FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) grade 1 tumors, low nuclear grade, early pathological stage, smaller size, no lymphovascular invasion, myometrial invasion below 50%, and no cervical involvement. In the presence of high TILs, the overall survival showed significant increase but no significant correlation was found with disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: Interest in the molecular properties of ECs has increased in recent years. TIL, which can be easily evaluated in HE sections, is an important parameter in patient selection for molecular tests and determining the prognosis of patients.

Nucleolus assessment in invasive breast carcinoma, an objective parameter for histological grading.

BACKGROUND: The nucleolus has the potential to provide insight into how many types of cancer will progress. In this study, we examined the evaluation of the nucleolus with a microscope in widespread breast cancer tumors and whether this value contributes to tumor grading as an objective clinicopathological parameter. METHODS: In our study, the nucleolus was evaluated retrospectively in resections with a diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma of the cases between January 2010 and April 2021. In total, the tumor nucleolus of 377 cases of invasive breast carcinoma was evaluated. Nucleolus evaluation was performed with light microscopy using four different modes (modified Helpap method, in 1, 5, and 10 high power fields at 40x magnification). The relationship between nucleolar scores and clinicopathological parameters was examined separately. Regrading was performed by replacing nuclear pleomorphism with the nucleolar score in the classically used histological grading system and utilizing the nucleolus score as the fourth parameter in this grading system. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the prognosis of the patients and the nucleolar score. When nuclear pleomorphism and nucleolar score were replaced in the classical grading system, disease-free and overall survival were correlated with the new grading system. In addition, a relationship was found between high nucleolus score and other clinicopathological parameters (such as estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, high Ki-67, triple negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status). DISCUSSION: The presence of nucleolus is associated with disease-free survival and overall survival of patients, and it can be evaluated with a light microscope at no extra cost and time. Therefore, in the classical grading, using it instead of nuclear pleomorphism with low reproducibility among pathologists may provide more objective results in predicting patient prognosis.

A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) and inflammation are substantial in depression pathogenesis. Although there is a crosstalk between the KP, inflammation, and neurotrophic factors, few studies examine these topics together. Novel medications may be developed by clarifying dysregulations related to inflammation, KP, and neurotrophic factors in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of KP metabolites, proinflammatory biomarkers, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy controls (HC) and the patients with TRD whose followed up with three different treatments. Moreover, the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on biomarkers was investigated. Study groups comprised a total of 30 unipolar TRD patients consisting of three separate patient groups (ECT = 8, rTMS = 10, pharmacotherapy = 12), and 9 HC. The decision to administer only pharmacotherapy or ECT/rTMS besides pharmacotherapy was given independently of this research by psychiatrists. Blood samples and symptom scores were obtained three times for patients. At baseline, quinolinic acid (QUIN) was higher in the patients with TRD compared to HC, whereas picolinic acid (PIC), PIC/QUIN, and PIC/3-hydroxykynurenine were lower. Baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were higher in nonresponders and non-remitters. ECT had an acute effect on cytokines. In the rTMS group, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased in time. PIC, QUIN, and aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) enzyme may play a role in TRD pathogenesis, and have diagnostic potential. rTMS and ECT have modulatory effects on low-grade inflammation seen in TRD. Baseline inflammation severity is predictive in terms of response and remission in depression.

Does the number of cell forming tumor budding alter the prognostic value in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The most commonly used definition for tumor budding (TB) is a single or a cell cluster of tumor cells up to 4 cells. However, there are different opinions regarding the number of cell (NOC) forming TB. It has been proven that TB is associated with poor prognostic factors in most tumors. The current study, it was aimed to investigate the prognostic value of NOC forming TB in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 326 cases with the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma were examined. The NOC forming TB was counted from hematoxylin and eosin stained slide under X200 magnification for each case, and scoring five different TB as 1, ≤ 2, ≤ 3, ≤ 4, ≤ 5, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis based on survival was performed for each TB value separately, and the cut-off was determined. RESULTS: All TB values were associated with poor outcome (p < 0.001), presence of distant metastasis (p < 0.001), high Ki67 proliferation index (p < 0.05), advanced stage (p < 0.05), presence of lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001), and metastatic axillary lymph node (p < 0.001). According to ROC analysis performed to compare the predictiveness of survival, the area under the curve was similar for all TB values. CONCLUSION: TB was associated with poor prognostic parameters, and the prognostic value of TB was not affected by NOC forming TB. The NOC up to 4 cells which have been accepted for colon carcinomas, could also provide practicality in breast carcinomas.

Prognositc Significance of Microcystic Elongated and Fragmanted (MELF) Myometrial Invasion Pattern: A Retrospective Study

Objective: Endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) are the most commonly diagnosed malignancies of the female genital tract. Myometrial invasion depth is one of the most significant pathological prognostic parameters. Different morphological invasion patterns have been characterized. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the microcystic elongated and fragmented (MELF) myometrium invasion pattern in patients with EEC and its relationship with other clinicopathological parameters. Methods: This study included 101 patients with EEC in our institution between 2011 and 2020. The MELF pattern was evaluated in hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections. Pan-cytokeratin staining was performed on paraffin-embedded blocks of lymph nodes for cases without lymph node metastasis. Results: The MELF pattern was observed in 29 (29.8%) patients. It was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (p<0.001), pathologic stage (p=0.048), infiltrative pattern (p<0.001), and necrosis (p=0.005). No significant correlation was observed between the MELF pattern and overall and disease-free survival rates. Conclusions: The MELF pattern is associated with other prognostic parameters, but its prognostic significance for survival has not been found. If the MELF pattern is observed in the hysterectomy material for cases without lymph node dissection during the first surgery, these patients may need additional surgery or adjuvant therapy due to the high risk of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis.

Evaluation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis in active ankylosing spondylitis patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory, systemic disease, has not been fully elucidated yet. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis, a component of antioxidant defense, is thought to play a role in the etiology of inflammatory diseases. We aimed to evaluate the existence of oxidative stress in active AS patients with thiol-disulfide homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who were found to have high (n: 27) and very-high (n: 18) activity levels with ASDAS-ESR and 40 healthy controls participated in the study. Serum native-thiol (NT), total-thiol (TT), and disulfide levels were analyzed by an automated colorimetric method. RESULTS: While TT and NT levels were significantly decreased in patients compared to the control group, the disulfide levels were increased. There was a significant negative correlation between ESR, and NT, TT in both groups and also between hsCRP and NT, TT in very-high active AS patients.TT and NT levels were significantly higher in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) users compared to those using biological agents. CONCLUSIONS: The deterioration of thiol-disulfide homeostasis in favor of disulfide; correlations between ESR, CRP, and NT, TT support the use of thiol-disulfide variables in determining the disease activity level.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)/volume and prognosis: The value of TILs for survival in HER2 and TN breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The use of the tumor microenvironment as a target in creating treatment modalities and as a biomarker in predicting treatment response has become increasingly important. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), located in the tumor microenvironment, are the fundamental elements of the specific immunological response against tumor cells and have prognostic importance in many types of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and June 2021, 350 patients who were operated on in our hospital and met the study criteria were included in the study. TILs and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte volume (TILV) were evaluated in hematoxylin-eosin sections of the patients. RESULTS: Presence of high stromal TILs was associated with improved survival (p = 0.036), distant metastasis (p = 0.009), high nuclear and histological grade (p < 0.001), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negativity (p < 0.001), high Ki-67 proliferation index (<0.001), HER2 expression (p = 0.026) level, perineural invasion (p = 0.048), adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.005) and radiotherapy (p = 0.055) treatment. High TILV was associated with high nuclear and histological grade (p < 0.001), ER and PR negativity (p < 0.001), HER2 positivity (p = 0.013), high Ki-67 proliferation index (p = 0.001) and high tumor size (p = 0.0011). There was no significant relationship between survival (p = 0.343), distant metastasis (p = 0.632), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.141) and sTIL volume. CONCLUSION: TILs are an indicator of an anti-tumor immune response, and tumor suppressor efficiency is increased by chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments. It is one of the factors that determine the success of the treatment. The tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte is an important parameter that can help determine the patient groups to be treated with chemotherapy, prevent unnecessary complications, and be quickly evaluated in all laboratories without any expense.

An easy and practical prognostic parameter: tumor-stroma ratio in Luminal, Her2, and triple-negative breast cancers.

OBJECTIVE: The stroma surrounding the tumor cells is important in tumor progression and treatment resistance, besides the properties of tumor cells. Studies on the tumor stroma characteristics will contribute to the knowledge for new treatment approaches. METHODS: A total of 363 breast cancer patients were evaluated for the tumor-stroma ratio. The percentage of stroma was visually assessed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. The cases of tumor-stroma ratio more than 50% were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio high, and those less than 50% and below were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio low. RESULTS: Tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors had shorter overall survival (p=0.002). Disease-free survival tended to be shorter in tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors (p=0.082) compared with tumor-stroma ratio-low tumors. Tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter for the total group of patients (p=0.003) and also axillary lymph node metastasis and tumor-stroma ratio was statistically associated (p=0.004). Also, tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter in node-positive Luminal A and B subgroups for overall survival (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor-stroma ratio is an independent prognostic parameter that can be evaluated quite easily in all molecular subtypes of all breast cancers and does not require extra cost and time to evaluate.

An easy and practical prognostic parameter: tumor-stroma ratio in Luminal, Her2, and triple-negative breast cancers

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The stroma surrounding the tumor cells is important in tumor progression and treatment resistance, besides the properties of tumor cells. Studies on the tumor stroma characteristics will contribute to the knowledge for new treatment approaches. METHODS: A total of 363 breast cancer patients were evaluated for the tumor-stroma ratio. The percentage of stroma was visually assessed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. The cases of tumor-stroma ratio more than 50% were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio high, and those less than 50% and below were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio low. RESULTS: Tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors had shorter overall survival (p=0.002). Disease-free survival tended to be shorter in tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors (p=0.082) compared with tumor-stroma ratio-low tumors. Tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter for the total group of patients (p=0.003) and also axillary lymph node metastasis and tumor-stroma ratio was statistically associated (p=0.004). Also, tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter in node-positive Luminal A and B subgroups for overall survival (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor-stroma ratio is an independent prognostic parameter that can be evaluated quite easily in all molecular subtypes of all breast cancers and does not require extra cost and time to evaluate.

GLUT-1 Expression in Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies have been conducted to predict the prognosis of breast cancers. The effect of glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT-1), the main carrier protein responsible for glucose transport, was investigated in breast cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 170 patients operated for breast carcinoma were included in this study. We analysed the prognostic significance of GLUT-1 immune-expression in 149 patients without neoadjuvant therapy, and in 21 patients with neoadjuvant therapy. RESULTS: GLUT-1 expression was correlated with poor prognostic factors such as estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negativity, high Ki-67 proliferation index, and high histological and nuclear grade (p < 0.001). GLUT-1 was expressed at a statistically higher rate in invasive ductal carcinomas, compared to invasive lobular carcinomas (p < 0.001), and was expressed at a higher rate in luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and triple-negative molecular subtypes compared to luminal A subtype tumors (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between GLUT-1 expression and presence of neoadjuvant therapy. Univariate survival analysis showed high GLUT1 expression was associated with low disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: GLUT-1 expression was found to be associated with poor pathological prognostic factors in breast carcinoma patients. The results suggest that GLUT-1 expression can be considered as a prognostic marker in breast cancers, and it may be used as a target molecule in personalized treatment approaches.

Tumor Budding is a reliable predictor for death and metastasis in invasive ductal breast cancer and correlates with other prognostic clinicopathological parameters.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Breast cancers are the most common type of cancer and the most common cause of mortality in women worldwide. Different prognostic factors are the subject of research to differentiate the prognosis even between cases at a similar stage and identify risky patients earlier and create individual treatment approaches. Tumor budding (TB) has been identified as a poor prognostic factor in many types of cancer, especially colorectal carcinomas. In our study, we aimed to determine the prognostic significance of the TB by evaluating the TB in line with clinicopathological parameters in breast invasive ductal carcinoma cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 311 breast carcinoma cases operated in our hospital between January 2010 and April 2020 were included in the study. In hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) sections of the cases, TB was evaluated in a single high-power field (HPF). ROC analysis was performed with overall survival data, and low, and high TB cutoffs were obtained. The relationship of the high TB with clinicopathological parameters was evaluated, and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS: We determined that high TB in breast invasive ductal carcinoma cases was associated with low survival time, metastasis, axillary lymph node metastasis, angiolymphatic invasion, advanced stage (pT3), high Ki-67 proliferation index, progesterone receptor (PR) loss, and advanced age. Tumor budding was identified as an independent risk factor in overall and disease-free survival analysis. CONCLUSION: Tumor budding is a prognostic parameter that can be easily evaluated in all centers since it does not cause additional cost to routine pathological examinations. We think it may be helpful to establish a standard methodology in evaluating tumor bud in breast carcinomas and including it in regular pathology reporting.